R&D: 2025 Roadmap on 3D Nanomagnetism

Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter has published an article written by Gianluca Gubbiotti, CNR-Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM), Perugia, Italy, Anjan Barman, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Kolkata, India, Sam Ladak, School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, Cristina Bran, Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA-CSIC), Zaragoza, Spain, National Institute of Materials Physics (NIMP), Bucharest, Romania, Dirk Grundler, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), School of Engineering, Institute of Materials and Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Lausanne, Switzerland, Michael Huth, Physics Institute at Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, Harald Plank, Institute of Electron Microscopy at Graz University of Technology & Graz Centre of Electron Microscopy, Graz, Austria, Georg Schmidt, Institut of Physics and Center for Material Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, Sebastiaan van Dijken, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland, Robert Streubel, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America, Oleksandr Dobrovoloskiy, Cryogenic Quantum Electronics, EMG and LENA, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany, Valerio Scagnoli, Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences, Villigen PSI, Switzerland, Laura Heyderman, Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, PSI Center for Neutron and Muon Sciences, Villigen PSI, Switzerland, Claire Donnelly, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden, Germany, International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (WPI-SKCM2), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan, Olav Hellwig, Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany, Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany, Lorenzo Fallarino, CIC energiGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain, M Benjamin Jungfleisch, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America, Alan Farhan, Department of Physics, Baylor University, One Bear Place, Waco, TX, United States of America, Nicolò Maccaferri, Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå Sweden, Paolo Vavassori, CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia San Sebastián and IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain, Peter Fischer, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States of America, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States of America, Riccardo Tomasello, Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy, Giovanni Finocchio, Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy, Rodolphe Clérac, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5031, F-33600 Pessac, France, Roberta Sessoli, University of Florence, Florence, Italy, Denys Makarov, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany, Denis D Sheka, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, Maciej Krawczyk, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland, Rodolfo Gallardo, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile, Pedro Landeros, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile, Massimiliano d’Aquino, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e delle Tecnologie dell’Informazione, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy, Riccardo Hertel, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France, Philipp Pirro, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Florin Ciubotaru, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium, Markus Becherer, Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany, Jack Gartside, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, Teruo Ono, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, Paolo Bortolotti, Laboratoire Albert Fert, CNRS, Thales and Université Paris Saclay, Palaiseau cedex, France, and Amalio Fernández-Pacheco, Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.

Abstract: “The transition from planar to three-dimensional (3D) magnetic nanostructures represents a significant advancement in both fundamental research and practical applications, offering vast potential for next-generation technologies like ultrahigh-density storage, memory, logic, and neuromorphic computing. Despite being a relatively new field, the emergence of 3D nanomagnetism presents numerous opportunities for innovation, prompting the creation of a comprehensive roadmap by leading international researchers. This roadmap aims to facilitate collaboration and interdisciplinary dialogue to address challenges in materials science, physics, engineering, and computing. The roadmap comprises eighteen sections, roughly divided into three blocks. The first block explores the fundamentals of 3D nanomagnetism, focusing on recent trends in fabrication techniques and imaging methods crucial for understanding complex spin textures, curved surfaces, and small-scale interactions. Techniques such as two-photon lithography and focused electron beam-induced deposition enable the creation of intricate 3D architectures, while advanced imaging methods like electron holography and synchrotron x-ray tomography provide nanoscale spatial resolution for studying magnetization dynamics in three dimensions. Various 3D magnetic systems, including coupled multilayer systems, artificial spin-ice, magneto-plasmonic systems, topological spin textures, and molecular magnets are discussed. The second block introduces analytical and numerical methods for investigating 3D nanomagnetic structures and curvilinear systems, highlighting geometrically curved architectures, interconnected nanowire systems, and other complex geometries. Finite element methods are emphasized for capturing complex geometries, along with direct frequency domain solutions for addressing magnonic problems. The final block focuses on 3D magnonic crystals and networks, exploring their fundamental properties and potential applications in magnonic circuits, memory, and spintronics. Computational approaches using 3D nanomagnetic systems and complex topological textures in 3D spintronics are highlighted for their potential to enable faster and more energy-efficient computing.“